Rinverdire i centri storici. Il ruolo dello spazio pubblico nell'infrastruttura verde di Milano
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19229/2464-9309/11202022Parole chiave:
soluzioni basate sulla natura, paesaggio storico urbano, spazio privato, pianificazione strategica, benefici ecosistema urbanoAbstract
La simbiosi tra la vegetazione e l’ambiente costruito nel contesto della città storica pone problemi e sfide che necessitano un approccio multidisciplinare. Oggi le strategie di infrastrutture verdi a scala urbana escludono i centri storici, in cui densità, vincoli di tutela e complessità morfologiche rendono impossibile l’applicazione di processi di rinverdimento standardizzati ed esclusivamente incentrati sullo spazio pubblico. Questa ricerca vuole fornire una valutazione delle soluzioni più compatibili con le aree storiche e una metodologia per sviluppare strategie verdi rispettose delle peculiarità culturali di ciascun contesto, conciliando gli obiettivi di rigenerazione con quelli di valorizzazione del patrimonio culturale. Attraverso l’approfondimento del caso studio di Milano, si discute il potenziale ecologico offerto dagli spazi privati.
Downloads
##plugins.generic.articleMetricsGraph.articlePageHeading##
Riferimenti bibliografici
Ajuntament de Barcelona (2021), Barcelona Nature Plan 2021-2030. [Online] Available at: bcnroc.ajuntament.barcelona.cat/jspui/handle/11703/122958 [Accessed 20 April 2022].
Ajuntament de Barcelona (2017), Government Measure – Stimulus Programme for the City’s Urban Green Infrastructure. [Online] Available at: bcnroc.ajuntament.barcelona.cat/jspui/handle/11703/104928 [Accessed 20 April 2022].
Ajuntament de Barcelona (2013), Barcelona Green Infrastructure and Biodiversity Plan 2020. [Online] Available at: ajuntament.barcelona.cat/ecologiaurbana/ sites/default/files/Barcelona%20green%20infrastructure%20and%20 biodiversity%20plan%202020.pdf [Accessed 20 April 2022].
Andersson, E., Barthel, S., Borgström, S., Colding, J., Elmqvist, T., Folke, C. and Gren, Å. (2014), “Reconnecting cities to the biosphere – Stewardship of green infrastructure and urban ecosystem services”, in Ambio, vol. 43, issue 4, pp. 445-453. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1007/s13280-014-0506-y [Accessed 20 March 2022].
Bandarin, F. and van Oers, R. (2012), The Historic Urban Landscape – Managing Heritage in an Urban Century, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1002/9781119968115 [Accessed 20 April 2022].
Bartesaghi Koc, C., Osmond, P. and Peters, A. (2017), “Towards a comprehensive green infrastructure typology – A systematic review of approaches, methods and typologies”, in Urban Ecosystems, vol. 20, issue 1, pp. 15-35. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1007/S11252-016-0578-5 [Accessed 20 March 2022].
Bartesaghi Koc, C., Osmond, P. and Peters, A. (2016), “A Green Infrastructure Typology Matrix to Support Urban Microclimate Studies”, in Procedia Engineering, vol. 169, pp. 183-190. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.10.022 [Accessed 20 March 2022].
Benedict, M. A. and McMahon, E. T. (2006), Green infrastructure – Linking landscapes and communities, Island Press, Washington-Covelo-London.
Buijs, A., Hansen, R., Van der Jagt, S., Ambrose-Oji, B., Elands, B., Rall, L. E., Mattijssen, T., Pauleit, S., Runhaar, H., Stahl Olafsson, A. and Steen Møller, M. (2019), “Mosaic governance for urban green infrastructure – Upscaling active citizenship from a local government perspective”, in Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, vol. 40, pp. 53-62. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.06.011 [Accessed 20 March 2022].
City of Amsterdam (2020), Groenvisie 2020-2050 – Een leefbare stad voor mens en dier. [Online] Available at: assets.amsterdam.nl/publish/pages/ 867639/groenvisie_2020-2050_1.pdf [Accessed 20 April 2022].
City of Amsterdam (2011), Structuurvisie Amsterdam 2040 – Economisch sterk en duurzaam. [Online] Available at: assets.amsterdam.nl/publish/pages/ 867639/structuurvisie_amsterdam_2040_2011.pdf [Accessed 20 April 2022].
City of Hamburg (2022), Grün Vernetzen – Fachkarte für das Landschaftsprogramm – Erläuterungen. [Online] Available at: hamburg.de/contentblob/12763874/85efe919b45682d9d973d70ee378af0e/ data/d-fachkarte-gruen-vernetzen-erlaeuterungen.pdf [Accessed 20 April 2022].
City of Hamburg (2016), Hamburg – European Green Capital – 5 Years On. [Online] Available at: hamburg.de/contentblob/6386544/ 91e59cfe5ead7ab55b1ff587f65b7ba2/data/brochure.pdf [Accessed 20 April 2022].
Comune di Milano (2019), PGT Milano 2030 – Piano dei Servizi. [Online] Available at: pgt.comune.milano.it/piano-dei-servizi [Accessed 20 April 2022].
Comune di Milano (2016), Tetti verdi potenziali a Milano – DECUMANUS FP7-SPACE. [Online] Available at: dati.comune.milano.it/dataset/ds1446_tetti-verdi-potenziali [Accessed 20 April 2022].
Coolen, H. and Meesters, J. (2012), “Private and public green spaces – Meaningful but different settings”, in Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, vol. 27, issue 1, pp. 49-67. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1007/s10901-011-9246-5 [Accessed 20 March 2022].
Della Spina, L. (2019), “Multidimensional Assessment for Culture-Led and Community-Driven Urban Regeneration as Driver for Trigger Economic Vitality in Urban Historic Centers”, in Sustainability, vol. 11, issue 24, 7237, pp. 1-20. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.3390/su11247237 [Accessed 20 March 2022].
EEA – European Environmental Agency (2014), Spatial analysis of green infrastructure in Europe, Technical Report, n. 2. [Online] Available at: eea.europa.eu/publications/spatial-analysis-of-green-infrastructure [Accessed 20 March 2022].
European Commission (2019), Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – The European Green Deal, document 52019DC0640, 640 final. [Online] Available at: eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2019%3A640%3AFIN [Accessed 20 March 2022].
European Commission (2013), Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – Green Infrastructure (GI) – Enhancing Europe’s Natural Capital, document 52013DC0249, 249 final. [Online] Available at: eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52013DC0249 [Accessed 20 March 2022].
Frantzeskaki, N. (2019), “Seven lessons for planning nature-based solutions in cities”, in Environmental Science and Policy, vol. 93, pp. 101-111. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.12.033 [Accessed 20 March 2022].
Frantzeskaki, N., McPhearson, T., Collier, M. J., Kendal, D., Bulkeley, H., Dumitru, A., Walsh, C., Noble, K., van Wyk, E., Ordóñez, C., Oke, C. and Pintér, L. (2019), “Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation – Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making”, in BioScience, vol. 69, issue 6, pp. 455-466. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biz042 [Accessed 20 March 2022].
Gandini, A., Garmendia, L. and San Mateos, R. (2017), “Towards sustainable historic cities – Adaptation to climate change risks”, in Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, vol. 4, issue 3, pp. 319-327. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2017.4.3S(7) [Accessed 20 March 2022].
Georgi, J. N. and Dimitriou, D. (2010), “The contribution of urban green spaces to the improvement of environment in cities – Case study of Chania, Greece”, in Building and Environment, vol. 45, issue 6, pp. 1401-1414. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.12.003 [Accessed 11 June 2022].
Georgi, N. J. and Zafeiriadis, K. (2006), “The impact of park trees on microclimate in urban areas”, in Urban Ecosystem, vol. 9, issue 3, pp. 195-209. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1007/s11252-006-8590-9 [Accessed 11 June 2022].
Haaland, C. and van den Bosch, C. K. (2015), “Challenges and strategies for urban green-space planning in cities undergoing densification – A review”, in Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, vol. 14, issue 4, pp. 760-771. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/J.UFUG.2015.07.009 [Accessed 20 March 2022].
Hansen, R., Stahl Olafsson, A., van der Jagt, A. P. N., Rall, E. and Pauleit, S. (2019), “Planning multifunctional green infrastructure for compact cities – What is the state of practice?”, in Ecological Indicators, vol. 96, pp. 99-110. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.09.042 [Accessed 20 March 2022].
Hølleland, H., Skrede, J. and Holmgaard, S. B. (2017), “Cultural Heritage and Ecosystem Services – A Literature Review”, in Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, vol. 19, issue 3, pp. 210-237. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1080/13505033.2017.1342069 [Accessed 20 March 2022].
Manoli, G., Fatichi, S., Schläpfer, M., Yu, K., Crowther, T. W., Meili, N., Burlando, P., Katul, G. G. and Bou-Zeid, E. (2019), “Magnitude of urban heat islands largely explained by climate and population”, in Nature, vol. 573, pp. 55-60. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1512-9 [Accessed 20 March 2022].
Manso, M., Teotónio, I., Matos Silva, C. and Oliveira Cruz, C. (2021), “Green roof and green wall benefits and costs – A review of the quantitative evidence”, in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 135, 110111, pp. 1-16. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110111 [Accessed 20 March 2022].
Massetti, L., Petralli, M., Napoli, M., Brandani, G., Orlandini, S. and Pearlmutter, D. (2019), “Effects of deciduous shade trees on surface temperature and pedestrian thermal stress during summer and autumn”, in International Journal of Biometeorology, vol. 63, pp. 467-479. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1007/s00484-019-01678-1 [Accessed 20 March 2022].
Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L., Randers, J. and Behrens III, W. W. (1972), The limits to Growth, Universe Books, New York.
Nadin, V., van der Toorn Vrijthoff, W., Mashayekhi, A., Arjomand Kermani, A., Zhou, J., Pendlebury, J., Miciukiewicz, K., Cowie, P., Scott, M., Redmond, D., Waldron, R. and Parkinson, A. (2015), A Sustainable Future for the Historic Urban Core. [Online] Available at: researchgate.net/publication/283726405_ A_Sustainable_Future_for_the_Historic_Urban_Core [Accessed 20 March 2022].
Nocca, F. (2017), “The Role of Cultural Heritage in Sustainable Development – Multidimensional Indicators as Decision-Making Tool”, in Sustainability, vol. 9, issue 10, 1882, pp. 1-28. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.3390/su9101882 [Accessed 20 March 2022].
OECD – Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (2015), Ageing in Cities. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1787/9789264231160-en [Accessed 20 March 2022].
Pendlebury, J. R. (2009), Conservation in the age of consensus, Routledge, London.
Perini, K., Ottelé, M., Haas, E. M. and Raiteri, R. (2013), “Vertical greening systems, a process tree for green façades and living walls”, in Urban Ecosystems, vol. 16, pp. 265-277. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1007/s11252-012-0262-3 [Accessed 20 March 2022].
Petsinaris, F., Baroni, L. and Georgi, B. (2020), GrowGreen compendium of nature-based solutions to address climate and water-related problems in European cities. [Online] Available at: growgreenproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Compendium-of-NBS-and-grey-solutions.pdf [Accessed 20 March 2022].
Poortinga, W., Bird, N., Hallingberg, B., Phillips, R. and Williams, D. (2021), “The role of perceived public and private green space in subjective health and wellbeing during and after the first peak of the Covid-19 outbreak”, in Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 211, 104092, pp. 1-11. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104092 [Accessed 20 March 2022].
Rowe, P. G. and Hee, L. (2019), A City in Blue and Green, Springer Open, Singapore.
Seddon, N., Smith, A., Smith, P., Key, I., Chausson, A., Girardin, C., House, J., Srivastava, S. and Turner, B. (2021), “Getting the message right on nature-based solutions to climate change”, in Global Change Biology, vol. 27, issue 8, pp. 1518-1546. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15513 [Accessed 20 March 2022].
Steiner, F., Simmons, M., Gallagher, M., Ranganathan, J. and Robertson, C. (2013), “The ecological imperative for environmental design and planning”, in Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol. 11, pp. 355-361. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1890/130052 [Accessed 20 March 2022].
Swensen, G. (2020), “Tensions between Urban Heritage Policy and Compact City Planning – A Practice Review”, in Planning Practice & Research, vol. 35, issue 5, pp. 555-574. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2020.1804182 [Accessed 20 March 2022].
Tzortzi, J. N., Guaita, L. and Kouzoupi, A. (2022), “Sustainable Strategies for Urban and Landscape Regeneration Related to Agri-Cultural Heritage in the Urban-Periphery of South Milan”, in Sustainability, vol. 14, issue 11, 6581, pp. 1-25. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.3390/su14116581 [Accessed 11 June 2022].
UN – United Nations (2019), World Population Prospects 2019 – Highlights. [Online] Available at: population.un.org/wpp/Publications/Files/WPP2019_Highlights.pdf [Accessed 20 March 2022].
UNESCO (2011), Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape, including a glossary of definitions. [Online] Available at: whc.unesco.org/en/hul/ [Accessed 20 March 2022].
Vitillo, P. (1997), “Amburgo, metropoli verde”, in Territorio, vol. 4, pp. 71-82. [Online] Available at: re.public.polimi.it/retrieve/handle/11311/687012/ 241551/Vitillo_Amburgo_metropoli_verde_Territorio_n_4_97.pdf [Accessed 20 April 2022].
Vojinovic, Z., Keerakamolchai, W., Weesakul, S., Pudar, R., Medina, N. and Alves, A. (2017), “Combining Ecosystem Services with Cost-Benefit Analysis for Selection of Green and Grey Infrastructure for Flood Protection in a Cultural Setting”, in Environments, vol. 4, issue 1, article 3, pp. 1-16. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.3390/environments4010003 [Accessed 20 April 2022].
Wolch, J. R., Byrne, J. and Newell, J. P. (2014) “Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice – The challenge of making cities just green enough”, in Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 125, pp. 234-244. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017 [Accessed 20 March 2022].
##submission.downloads##
Pubblicato
Versioni
- 23-10-2023 (3)
- 23-10-2023 (2)
- 30-06-2022 (1)
Come citare
Fascicolo
Sezione
Licenza
Copyright (c) 2022 Julia Nerantzia Tzortzi, Maria Stella Lux
TQuesto lavoro è fornito con la licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione 4.0 Internazionale.
AGATHÓN è pubblicata sotto la licenza Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY).
License scheme | Legal code
Questa licenza consente a chiunque di:
Condividere: riprodurre, distribuire, comunicare al pubblico, esporre in pubblico, rappresentare, eseguire e recitare questo materiale con qualsiasi mezzo e formato.
Modificare: remixare, trasformare il materiale e basarti su di esso per le tue opere per qualsiasi fine, anche commerciale.
Alle seguenti condizioni
Attribuzione: si deve riconoscere una menzione di paternità adeguata, fornire un link alla licenza e indicare se sono state effettuate delle modifiche; si può fare ciò in qualsiasi maniera ragionevole possibile, ma non con modalità tali da suggerire che il licenziante avalli l'utilizzatore o l'utilizzo del suo materiale.
Divieto di restrizioni aggiuntive: non si possono applicare termini legali o misure tecnologiche che impongano ad altri soggetti dei vincoli giuridici su quanto la licenza consente di fare.
Note
Non si è tenuti a rispettare i termini della licenza per quelle componenti del materiale che siano in pubblico dominio o nei casi in cui il nuovo utilizzo sia consentito da una eccezione o limitazione prevista dalla legge.
Non sono fornite garanzie. La licenza può non conferire tutte le autorizzazioni necessarie per l'utilizzo che ci si prefigge. Ad esempio, diritti di terzi come i diritti all'immagine, alla riservatezza e i diritti morali potrebbero restringere gli usi del materiale.