Stampa 4D per componenti costruttivi modulari – Applicazioni e principali sviluppi
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19229/2464-9309/14152023Parole chiave:
materiali innovativi, materiali intelligenti, stampa 4D, manifattura additiva, costruzione modulareAbstract
A partire dalla fine del XX secolo le tecniche di fabbricazione digitale sono state caratterizzate da una rapida espansione nei diversi ambiti dell’attività umana. In particolare nel settore delle costruzioni il loro impiego ha consentito la produzione di inediti componenti modulari, personalizzabili in base agli specifici requisiti di impiego. In tale ambito si inserisce l’utilizzo delle tecniche di manifattura additiva mediante stampa 4D per la produzione di elementi modulari responsivi; questi ultimi, tuttavia, nonostante siano in grado di contribuire alla mitigazione degli effetti del cambiamento climatico, sono ancora scarsamente impiegati. Il presente saggio intende analizzare le principali peculiarità delle tecniche di stampa 4D per la produzione di elementi modulari per l’architettura, evidenziandone le potenzialità e i principali limiti che ne influenzano l’impiego.
Info sull'articolo
Ricevuto: 18/09/2023; Revisionato: 15/10/2023; Accettato: 29/10/2023
Downloads
##plugins.generic.articleMetricsGraph.articlePageHeading##
Riferimenti bibliografici
Addington, M. and Schodek, D. (2005), Smart Materials and New Technologies – For the Architecture and Design Professions, Architectural Press, Boston. [Online] Available at: bintian.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/smart-materials-new-technologies-for-the-architecture-design-professions.pdf [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Agarwal, T., Hann, S. Y., Chiesa, I., Cui, H., Celikkin, N., Micalizzi, S., Barbetta, A., Costantini, M., Esworthy, T., Zhang, L. G., De Maria, C. and Maiti, T. K. (2021), “4D printing in biomedical applications – Emerging trends and technologies”, in Journal of Materials Chemistry B, vol. 9, issue 37, pp. 7608-7632. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1039/D1TB01335A [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Ahmed, A., Arya, S., Gupta, V., Furukawa, H. and Khosla, A. (2021), “4D printing – Fundamentals, materials, applications and challenges”, in Polymer, vol. 228, pp. 1-25. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123926 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Al-Humairi, S. N. S. (2019), “Cu-Based Shape Memory Alloys – Modified Structures and Their Related Properties”, in Al-Naib, U. M. B. (ed.), Recent Advancements in the Metallurgical Engineering and Electrodeposition, IntechOpen, pp. 1-30. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86193 [Accessed 22 October 2023].
Aldawood, F. K. (2023), “A Comprehensive Review of 4D Printing – State of the Arts, Opportunities, and Challenges”, in Actuators, vol. 12, issue 3, article 101, pp. 1-31. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.3390/act12030101 [Accessed 22 October 2023].
Alotaibi, F. (2015), “The role of kinetic envelopes to improve energy performance in buildings”, in Journal of Architectural Engineering Technology, vol. 4, issue 3, pp. 149-153. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.4172/2168-9717.1000149 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Anas, S., Khan, M. Y., Rafey, M. and Faheem, K. (2022), “Concept of 5D printing technology and its applicability in the healthcare industry”, in Materials Today | Proceedings, vol. 56, part 4, pp. 1726-1732. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.10.391 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Ansari, M., Golzar, M., Baghani, M. and Soleimani, M. (2018), “Shape memory characterization of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/polyurethane (PU) in combined torsion-tension loading with potential applications in cardiovascular stent”, in Polymer Testing, vol. 68, pp. 424-432. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2018.04.032 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Canestrino, G. (2021), “Dialettica analogico-digitale nel progetto di architettura – Per rinnovate ipotesi di metodo | Analogue-digital dialectics in architectural design – Towards renewed hypotheses of method”, in Agathón | International Journal of Architecture, Art and Design, vol. 10, pp. 56-67. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.19229/2464-9309/1052021 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Clifford, D. T., Zupan, R. J., Brigham, J. C., Beblow, R. V., Whittock, M. and Davis, N. (2017), “Application of the dynamic characteristics of shape-memory polymers to climate adaptive building facades”, in Proceedings of the 12th Conference of Advanced Building Skins, 2-3 October 2017, Bern, Switzerland, pp. 171-178. [Online] Available at: durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1146351 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
DARPA (2016), “Living Structural Materials Could Open New Horizons for Engineers and Architects”, in darpa.mil, 08/05/2016. [Online] Available at: darpa.mil/news-events/2016-08-05 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Demoly, F., Dunn, M. L., Wood, K. L., Qi, H. J. and Andre, J. C. (2021), “The status, barriers, challenges, and future in design for 4D printing”, in Materials & Design, vol. 212, article 110193, pp. 1-20. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110193 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Di Dio, S., Inzerillo, B., Monterosso, F. and Russo, D. (2022), “Design e transizione digitale – Nuove sfide design-driven per l’innovazione tecno-sociale | Design and digital transition – New design-driven challenges for techno-social innovation”, in Agathón | International Journal of Architecture Art and Design, vol. 12, pp. 212-225. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.19229/2464-9309/12192022 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Dörfler, K., Dielemans, G., Lachmayer, L., Recker, T., Raatz, A., Lowke, D. and Gerke, M. (2022), “Additive Manufacturing using mobile robots – Opportunities and challenges for building construction”, in Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 158, article 106772, pp. 1-13. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106772 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Ekblaw, A. (2022), “Space Architecture in Microgravity – TESSERAE Project for Large Scale Space Structures”, in Technology | Architecture + Design, vol. 6, issue 2, pp. 146-148. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1080/24751448.2022.2116225 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Ekblaw, A. and Paradiso, J. (2019), “Self-Assembling Space Habitats – TESSERAE design and mission architecture”, in 2019 IEEE Aerospace Conference, pp. 1-11. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2019.8742122 [Accessed 16 October 2023]
El Jazzar, M., Urban, H., Schranz, C. and Nassereddine, H. (2020), “Construction 4.0 – A Roadmap to Shaping the Future of Construction”, in Tateyama, T., Ishii, K. and Inoue, F. (eds), Proceedings of the 37th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC 2020), Kitakyushu, Japan, October 27-28, 2020, International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (IAARC), pp. 1314-1321. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.22260/ISARC2020/0180 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Filipcsei, G., Csetneki, I., Szilágyi, A. and Zrínyi, M. (2007), “Magnetic Field-Responsive Smart Polymer Composites”, in Gong, B., Sanford, A. R. and Ferguson, J. S. (eds), Oligomers – Polymer Composites – Molecular Imprinting, Advances in Polymer Science series, vol. 206, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 137-180. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1007/12_2006_104 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Fiorito, F., Sauchelli, M., Arroyo, D., Pesenti, M., Imperadori, M., Masera, G. and Ranzi, G. (2016), “Shape morphing solar shadings – A review”, in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 55, pp. 863-884. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.086 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Gallego-Schmid, A., Chen, H.-M., Sharmina, M. and Mendoza, J. M. F. (2020), “Links between circular economy and climate change mitigation in the built environment”, in Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 260, article 121115, pp. 1-14. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121115 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Ghi, A. and Rossetti, F. (2016), “4D Printing – An Emerging Technology in Manufacturing?”, in Caporarello, L., Cesaroni, F., Giesecke, R. and Missikoff, M. (eds), Digitally Supported Innovation, Lecture Notes in Information Systems and Organisation, vol. 18, Springer, Cham, pp. 171-178. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40265-9_12 [Accessed 23 October 2023]
Ghobakhloo, M. (2020), “Industry 4.0, digitization, and opportunities for sustainability”, in Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 252, article 119869, pp. 1-21. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119869 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Grand View Research (2018), 4D Printing Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report by Material (Programmable Carbon Fiber, Programmable Wood, Programmable Textiles), By End-Use, By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2018-2025. [Online] Available at: grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/4d-printing-market/toc [Accessed 23 October 2023]
Graser, K., Kahlert, A. and Hall, D. M. (2021), “DFAB HOUSE – Implications of a building-scale demonstrator for adoption of digital fabrication in AEC”, in Construction Management and Economics, vol. 39, issue 10, pp. 853-873. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2021.1988667 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Hager, I., Golonka, A. and Putanowicz, R. (2016), “3D Printing of Buildings and Building Components as the Future of Sustainable Construction?”, in Procedia Engineering, vol. 151, pp. 292-299. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.357 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Haleem, A., Javaid, M., Singh, R. P. and Suman, R. (2021), “Significant roles of 4D printing using smart materials in the field of manufacturing”, in Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research, vol. 4, issue 4, pp. 301-311. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2021.05.001 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Heywood, K. and Nicholas, P. (2023), “Sustainability and 3D concrete printing – Identifying a need for a more holistic approach to assessing environmental impacts”, in Architectural Intelligence, vol. 2, article 12, pp. 1-20. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1007/s44223-023-00030-3 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Hryhorovskyi, P., Osadcha, I., Jurelionis, A., Basanskyi, V. and Hryhorovskyi, A. (2022), “A BIM-Based Method for Structural Stability Assessment and Emergency Repairs of Large-Panel Buildings Damaged by Military Actions and Explosions – Evidence from Ukraine”, in Buildings, vol. 12, issue 11, article 1817, pp. 1-22. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111817 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Hosseini, S. M., Mohammadi, M. and Guerra-Santin, O. (2019), “Interactive kinetic façade – Improving visual comfort based on dynamic daylight and occupant’s positions by 2D and 3D shape changes”, in Building and Environment, vol. 165, article 106396, pp. 1-17. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106396 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
IAAC (2022), Open Thesis Fabrication – 3D Printing in Architecture. [Online] Available at: issuu.com/3dpa20212022/docs/2122_rs_booklet_template_otf_online [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Jang, S.-Y., Lee, S. and Kim, S.-A. (2013), “Collaborative Responsive Façade Design Using Sensor and Actuator Network”, in Luo, Y. (ed.), Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 8091, Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg, pp. 11-18. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40840-3_2 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Khoo, Z. X., Teoh, J. E. M., Liu, Y., Chua, C. K., Yang, S., An, J., Leong, K. F. and Yeong, W. Y. (2015), “3D printing of smart materials – A review on recent progresses in 4D printing”, in Virtual and Physical Prototyping, vol. 10, issue 3, pp. 103-122. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2015.1097054 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Kim, M.-S., Heo, J.-K., Rodrigue, H., Lee, H.-T., Pané, S., Han, M.-W. and Ahn, S.-H. (2023), “Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) Actuators – The Role of Material, Form, and Scaling Effects”, in Advanced Materials, vol. 35, issue 33, pp. 1-22. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1002/adma.202208517 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Kuang, X., Chen, K., Dunn, C. K., Wu, J., Li, V. C. F. and Qi, H. J. (2018), “3D printing of highly stretchable, shape-memory, and self-healing elastomer toward novel 4D printing”, in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, vol. 10, issue 8, pp. 7381-7388. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b18265 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Leist, S. K. and Zhou, J. (2016), “Current status of 4D printing technology and the potential of light-reactive smart materials as 4D printable materials”, in Virtual and Physical Prototyping, vol. 11, issue 4, pp. 249-262. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2016.1198630 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Li, Q., Schenning, A. P. H. J. and Bunning, T. J. (2019), “Light‐Responsive Smart Soft Matter Technologies”, in Advanced Optical Materials, vol. 7, issue 16, pp. 1-3. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1002/adom.201901160 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Li, S., Yuan, S., Zhu, J., Wang, C., Li, J. and Zhang, W. (2020), “Additive manufacturing-driven design optimization – Building direction and structural topology”, in Additive Manufacturing, vol. 36, article 101406, pp. 1-14. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101406 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
McKinsey Global Institute (2017), Reinventing Construction – A route to higher productivity. [Online] Available at: mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/operations/ our%20insights/reinventing%20construction%20through%20a%20 productivity%20revolution/mgi-reinventing-construction-a-route-to-higher-productivity-full-report.pdf [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Momeni, F., Hassani.N, S. M., Liu, X. and Ni, J. (2017), “A review of 4D printing”, in Materials & Design, vol. 122, pp. 42-79. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.02.068 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Minunno, R., O’Grady, T., Morrison, G. M. and Gruner, R. L. (2020), “Exploring environmental benefits of reuse and recycle practices – A circular economy case study of a modular building”, in Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 160, article 104855, pp. 1-14. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104855 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Miodownik, M. (2015), La sostanza delle cose – Storie incredibili dei materiali meravigliosi di cui è fatto il mondo, Bollati Borlinghieri, Torino.
Nida, S., Moses, J. A. and Anandharamakrishnan, C. (2022), “Emerging applications of 5D and 6D printing in the food industry”, in Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, vol. 10, article 100392, pp. 1-3. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100392 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Oke, A. E., Aliu, J., Fadamiro, P. O., Akanni, P. O. and Stephen, S. S. (2023), “Attaining digital transformation in construction – An appraisal of the awareness and usage of automation techniques”, in Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 67, article 105968, pp. 1-13. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.105968 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Oxford Economics (2023), Global Construction Futures – A global forecast for the construction industry to 2037. [Online] Available at: oxfordeconomics.com/resource/global-construction-futures/ [Accessed 30 October 2023]
Paoletti, I. (2017), “Involucri responsivi – Sperimentazioni con modelli a comportamento naturale | Responsive Envelopes – Experimentations by natural Role Models”, in Agathón | International Journal of Architecture, Art and Design, vol. 2, pp. 213-218. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.19229/2464-9309/2282017 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Paolini, A., Kollmannsberger, S. and Rank, E. (2019), “Additive manufacturing in construction – A review on processes, applications, and digital planning methods”, in Additive manufacturing, vol, 30, article 100894, pp. 1-13. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.100894 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Pasco, J., Lei, Z. and Aranas, C. Jr. (2022), “Additive Manufacturing in Off-Site Construction – Review and Future Directions”, in Buildings, vol. 12, article 53, pp. 1-24. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.3390/buildings12010053 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Pei, E. (2014), “4D printing – Revolution or fad?”, in Assembly Automation, vol. 34, issue 2, pp. 123-127. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1108/AA-02-2014-014 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Pei, E., Loh, G. H. and Nam, S. (2020), “Concepts and terminologies in 4D printing’, in Applied Sciences, vol. 10, issue 13, article 4443, pp. 1-10. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.3390/app10134443 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Perriccioli, M., Ruggiero, R. and Salka, M. (2021), “Ecologia e tecnologie digitali – L’architettura alla piccola scala come luogo di connessioni | Ecology and digital technologies – Small-scale architecture as a place of connections”, in Agathón | International Journal of Architecture, Art and Design, vol. 10, pp. 36-45. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.19229/2464-9309/1032021 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Pone, S. (2022), “Maker – Il ritorno dei costruttori – Una possibile transizione digitale per l’Architettura | Maker – The return of the builders – A possible digital transition for Architecture”, in Agathón | International Journal of Architecture, Art and Design, vol. 12, pp. 14-23. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.19229/2464-9309/1212022 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Rastogi, P. and Kandasubramanian, B. (2019), “Breakthrough in the printing tactics for stimuli-responsive materials – 4D printing”, in Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 366, pp. 264-304. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.02.085 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Ribeirinho, M. J., Mischke, J., Strube, G., Sjödin, E., Blanco, J. L., Palter, R., Biörck, J., Rockhill, D. and Andersson, T. (2020), The next normal in construction – How disruption is reshaping the world’s largest ecosystem, McKinsey & Company. [Online] Available at: dln.jaipuria.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/14341/1/The-next-normal-in-construction.pdf [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Russo, D. and Moretti, M. (2020), “Shamballa, il Paradiso può attendere – Come la stampa 3D sostiene il futuro | Shamballa, Heaven can wait – How 3D printing will sustain the future”, in Agathón | International Journal of Architecture, Art and Design, vol. 8, pp. 32-43. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.19229/2464-9309/832020 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Saritha, D. and Dhatreyi, B. (2021), “A concise review on 4D printing technology”, in Materials Today | Proceedings, vol. 46, part 1, pp. 692-695. [Online Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.016 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Smith, R. S. H., Bader, C., Sharma, S., Kolb, D., Tang, T.-C., Hosny, A., Moser, F., Weaver, J. C., Voigt, C. A. and Oxman, N. (2020), “Hybrid Living Materials – Digital Design and Fabrication of 3D Multimaterial Structures with Programmable Biohybrid Surfaces”, in Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 30, issue 7, pp. 1-14. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201907401 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Sposito, C. and Scalisi, F. (2019), “Innovazione dei materiali naturali – Terra e nanotubi di argilla per una sfida sostenibile | Natural material innovation – Earth and halloysite nanoclay for a sustainable challenge”, in Agathón | International Journal of Architecture, Art and Design, vol. 5, pp. 59-72. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.19229/2464-9309/572019 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Sposito, C. and Scalisi, F. (2017), “Strumenti e materiali per la fabbricazione digitale in architettura | Instruments and materials for digital manufacturing in architecture”, in Agathón | International Journal of Architecture, Art and Design, vol. 1, pp. 143-152. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.19229/2464-9309/1222017 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Strzelec, K., Sienkiewicz, N. and Szmechtyk, T. (2020), “Classification of Shape-Memory Polymers, Polymer Blends, and Composites”, in Parameswaranpillai, J., Siengchin, S., George, J. and Jose, S. (eds), Shape Memory Polymers, Blends and Composites, Advanced Structured Materials series, vol. 115, Springer, Singapore, pp. 21-52. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8574-2_2 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Tai, Y.-J. T., Bader, C., Ling, A. S., Disset, J., Darweesh, B., Duro-Royo, J., van Zak, J., Hogan, N. and Oxman, N. (2018), “Designing (for) Decay – Parametric Material Distribution for Hierarchical Dissociation of Water-based Biopolymer Composites”, in Mueller, C. and Adriaenssens, S. (eds), Proceedings of the IASS Symposium 2018 – Creative in Structural Design, July 16-20, 2018, MIT, Boston, pp. 1-8. [Online] Available at: oxman.com/files/85c33ef4-ca38-4a13-919a-4ca1df71bf25/Designing-(for)-Decay.-Parametric-Material-Distribution-for-Hierarchical-Dissociation-of-Water-based-Biopolymer-Composites-(2018).pdf [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Tibbits, S. (2014), “4D printing – Multi‐material shape change”, in Architectural Design, vol. 84, issue 1, pp. 116-121. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1002/ad.1710 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Tibbits, S. and Cheung, K. (2012), “Programmable materials for architectural assembly and automation”, in Assembly Automation, vol. 32, issue 3, pp. 216-225. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1108/01445151211244348 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Tucci, F. (2017), “Paradigmi della Natura per Progettare Involucri architettonici | Nature’s Paradigms for Designing Architectural Envelopes”, in Agathόn | International Journal of Architecture Art and Design, vol. 2, pp. 47-54. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.19229/2464-9309/262017 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Vatanparast, S., Boschetto, A., Bottini, L. and Gaudenzi, P. (2023), “New Trends in 4D Printing – A Critical Review”, in Applied Sciences, vol. 13, issue 13, article 7744, pp. 1-37. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.3390/app13137744 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Yi, H. (2021), “4D-printed parametric façade in architecture – Prototyping a self-shaping skin using programmable two-way shape memory composite (TWSMC)”, in Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, vol. 29, issue 10, pp. 4132-4152. [Online] Available at: dx.doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-05-2021-0428 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Yi, H. and Kim, Y. (2021), “Prototyping of 4D-printed self-shaping building skin in architecture – Design, fabrication, and investigation of a two-way shape memory composite (TWSMC) façade panel”, in Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 43, article 103076, pp. 1-15. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103076 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Yi, H., Kim, D., Kim, Y., Kim, D., Koh, J. and Kim, M. (2020), “3D-Printed Attachable Kinetic Shading Device with Alternate Actuation – Use of Shape-Memory Alloy (SMA) for Climate-Adaptive Responsive Architecture”, in Automation in Construction, vol. 114, article 103151, pp. 103-151. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103151 [Accessed 16 October 2023].
Zhang, Y., Zhang, C., Wang, R., Tan, W., Gu, Y., Yu, X., Zhu, L. and Liu, L. (2022), “Development and challenges of smart actuators based on water-responsive materials”, in Soft Matter, vol. 18, issue 31, pp. 5725-5741. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1039/D2SM00519K [Accessed 16 October 2023].
##submission.downloads##
Pubblicato
Come citare
Fascicolo
Sezione
Categorie
Licenza
Copyright (c) 2023 Renata Morbiducci, Salvatore Polverino, Caterina Battaglia
TQuesto lavoro è fornito con la licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione 4.0 Internazionale.
AGATHÓN è pubblicata sotto la licenza Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY).
License scheme | Legal code
Questa licenza consente a chiunque di:
Condividere: riprodurre, distribuire, comunicare al pubblico, esporre in pubblico, rappresentare, eseguire e recitare questo materiale con qualsiasi mezzo e formato.
Modificare: remixare, trasformare il materiale e basarti su di esso per le tue opere per qualsiasi fine, anche commerciale.
Alle seguenti condizioni
Attribuzione: si deve riconoscere una menzione di paternità adeguata, fornire un link alla licenza e indicare se sono state effettuate delle modifiche; si può fare ciò in qualsiasi maniera ragionevole possibile, ma non con modalità tali da suggerire che il licenziante avalli l'utilizzatore o l'utilizzo del suo materiale.
Divieto di restrizioni aggiuntive: non si possono applicare termini legali o misure tecnologiche che impongano ad altri soggetti dei vincoli giuridici su quanto la licenza consente di fare.
Note
Non si è tenuti a rispettare i termini della licenza per quelle componenti del materiale che siano in pubblico dominio o nei casi in cui il nuovo utilizzo sia consentito da una eccezione o limitazione prevista dalla legge.
Non sono fornite garanzie. La licenza può non conferire tutte le autorizzazioni necessarie per l'utilizzo che ci si prefigge. Ad esempio, diritti di terzi come i diritti all'immagine, alla riservatezza e i diritti morali potrebbero restringere gli usi del materiale.
