Natural Material Innovation. Earth and Halloysite Nanoclay for a sustainable challenge
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19229/2464-9309/572019Keywords:
rammed earth, embodied energy, operational energy, halloysite and clay nanotubes, compressive strengthAbstract
Within the cultural debate that considers the environmental issue as a priority and with reference to the studies and researches that over the last years have supported compound materials containing rammed earth, the Authors, aware of the need of giving to the relationship of Project and Matter a key role, supported by the characteristics of Architectural Technology, show the results of an experimentation that aims to improve the performance of rammed earth with the contribution of nanotechnologies, developing a ‘new material’ with a reduced embodied energy and a reduced amount of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere.
Downloads
Article Metrics Graph
References
Akbarnezhad, A. and Xiao, J. (2017), “Estimation and Minimization of Embodied Carbon of Buildings: A Review”, in Buildings, vol. 7, issue 5, pp. 1-24.
Antonini, E., Rossetti, M. and Giglio, F. (2018), “Introduzione”, in Techne | Materia è Progetto, vol. 16, pp. 17-19.
Antonini, E., Rossetti, M. and Giglio, F. (2017), Call for papers | Techne 16 | Materia è Progetto. [Online] Available at: www.fupress.net/public/journals/38/CALL16_ITA.pdf [Accessed 6 April 2019].
Arundel, A., Sterling, E., Biggin, J. and Sterling, T. (1986), “Indirect health effects of relative humidity in indoor environments”, in Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 65, pp. 351-61.
Bahar, R., Benazzoug, M. and Kenai, S. (2004), “Performance of compacted cement-stabilised soil”, in Cement & Concrete Composites, vol. 26, pp. 811-820.
Barucco, M. A., Verde, F. and Scalisi, F. (2016), “Innovazione tecnologica di sistemi, componenti e materiali | Technological innovation of systems, components and materials”, in Lucarelli, M. T., Mussinelli, E. and Trombetta, C. (eds), Cluster in progress – La Tecnologia dell’architettura in rete per l’innovazione | The Architectural technology network for innovation, Maggioli, Santarcangelo di Romagna (RM), pp. 103-108.
Burroughs, S. (2006), “Strength of Compacted Earth: Linking Soil Properties to Stabilizers”, in Building Research and Information, vol. 34, issue 1, pp. 55-65.
Campioli, A., Della Valle, A., Ganassali, S. and Giorgi, S. (2018), “Progettare il ciclo di vita della materia: nuove tendenze in prospettiva ambientale”, in Techne | Materia è Progetto, vol. 16, pp. 86-95.
Chastas, P., Theodosiou, T., Bikas, D. and Kontoleon, K. (2017), “Embodied Energy and Nearly Zero Energy Buildings: a Review in Residential Building”, in Procedia Environmental Science, vol. 38, pp. 554-561.
Ciancio, D., Beckett, C. T. S. and Carraro, J. A. H. (2014), “Optimum lime content identification for lime-stabilised rammed earth”, in Construction and Building Materials, vol. 53, pp. 59-65.
Copiello, S. (2017), “Building energy efficiency: A research branch made of paradoxes”, in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 69, pp.1064-1076.
Crawford, R. H., Bartak, E. L., Stephan, A. and Jensen, C. A. (2016), “Evaluating the life cycle energy benefits of energy efficiency regulations for buildings”, in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 63, pp. 435-451.
Crowther, P. (1999), “Design for disassembly to recover embodied energy”, in Szokolay, S. S. (ed.), The 16th International Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, 22-24 September 1999, Melbourne, Brisbane, Cairns.
Danso, H., Martinson, B., Ali, M. and Mant, C. (2015), “Performance characteristics of enhanced soil blocks: a quantitative review”, in Building Research & Information, vol. 43, issue 2, pp. 253-262.
Demir, I. (2006), “An investigation on the production of construction brick with processed waste tea”, in Building and Environment, vol. 49, issue 1, pp. 1274-1278.
De Wolf, C., Pomponi, F. and Moncaster, A. (2017), “Measuring embodied carbon dioxide equivalent of buildings: A review and critique of current industry practice”, in Energy and Buildings, vol. 140, pp. 68-80.
Ding, G. K. C. (2014), “Life cycle assessment (LCA) of sustainable building materials: an overview”, in Pacheco-Torgal, F., Cabeza, L. F., Labrincha, J. and de Magalhães, A. (eds), Eco-efficient Construction and Building Materials – Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Eco-Labelling and Case Studies, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, pp. 38-62.
Dixit, M. K., Fernández-Solís, J. L., Lavy, S. and Culp, C. H. (2010), “Identification of parameters for embodied energy measurement: A literature review”, in Energy and Buildings, vol. 42, pp. 1238-1247.
Dorfles, G. (2007), “L’Architettura contemporanea fra estetica e semantica”, in Agathón | Notiziario del Dottorato di Ricerca in Recupero e Fruizione dei Contesti Antichi, Università degli Studi di Palermo – Dipartimento di Progetto e Costruzione Edilizia, pp. 7-10.
EN 15804:2012+A1:2013, Sustainability of construction works – Environmental product declarations – Core rules for the product category of construction products. [Online] Available at: store.uni.com [Accessed 07 May 2017].
European Commission (2016), The Road from Paris: assessing the implications of the Paris Agreement and accompanying the proposal for a Council Decision on the signing, on behalf of the European Union, of the Paris Agreement adopted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. [Online] Available at: eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52016DC0110 [Accessed 06 April 2019].
European Parliament and Council of the European Union (2018), Directive 2018/844/EU of 30 May 2018 amending Directive 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings and Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency. [Online] Available at: eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1559545496938&uri=CELEX:32018L0844 [Accessed 04 January 2019].
European Parliament and Council of the European Union (2010), Directive 2010/31/EU of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings. [Online] Available at: eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32010L0031 [Accessed 04 January 2019].
Farzadina, N., Ali, A., Demirboga, R. and Parvez Anwar, M. (2013), “Effect of halloysite nanoclay on mechanical properties, thermal behavior and microstructure of cement mortars”, in Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 18, pp. 97-104.
Flatt, R., Roussel, R. and Cheeseman, C. R. (2012), “Concrete: An eco-material that needs to be improved”, in Journal of the European Ceramic Society, vol. 32, pp. 2787-2798.
Francese, D. (2014), “Recovering the Mediterranean Cultural Landscapes with Rammed Earth”, in Sustainable Mediterranean Construction | Rammed Earth, vol. 1, pp. 34-39.
Galán-Marín, C., Rivera-Gómez, C. and Petric, J. (2010), “Clay-based composite stabilized with natural polymer and fibre”, in Construction and Building Materials, vol. 24, pp. 1462-1468.
Gonzalez, M. J. and Navarro, J. G. (2006), “Assessment of the decrease of CO2 emissions in the construction field through the selection of materials: practical case studies of three houses of low environmental impact”, in Building and Environment, vol. 41, issue 7, pp. 902-909.
Habert, G., Arribe, D., Dehove, T., Espinasse, L. and Le Roy, R. (2012), “Reducing environmental impact by increasing the strength of concrete: quantification of the improvement to concrete bridges”, in Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 35, pp. 250-262.
Hammond, G. P. (2007), “Industrial energy analysis, thermodynamics and sustainability”, in Applied Energy, vol. 84, issue 7-8, pp. 675-700.
Hammond, G. and Jones, C. (2011), Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE) – Version 2, Sustainable Energy Research Team (SERT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bath (UK). [Online] Available at: www.carbonsolutions.com/Resources/ICE%20V2.0%20-%20Jan%202011.xls [Accessed 16 April 2019].
Houben, H. and Guillaud, H. (1994), Earth construction – a comprehensive guide, Earth Construction Series, Intermediate Technology Publications, London.
Howieson, S. (2005), Housing and asthma, Spon Press, London.
Ibn-Mohammed, T., Greenough, R., Taylor, S., Ozawa-Meida, L. and Acquaye, A. (2013), “Operational vs Embodied emissions in buildings: a review of current trends”, in Energy and Buildings, vol. 66, pp. 232-245.
IEA (2017), Tracking Clean Energy Progress 2017. [Online] Available at: www.iea.org/tcep/ [Accessed 8 May 2019].
Ip, K. and Miller, A. (2012), “Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of hemp-lime wall constructions in the UK”, in Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 69, pp. 1-9.
Ismail, S. and Yaacob, Z. (2011), “Properties of Laterite Brick Reinforced with Oil Pal Empty Fruit Bunch Fibres”, in Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 19, issue 1, pp. 33-43.
ISO 14025 (2006), Environmental labels and declarations – Type III environmetal declarations – Principles and procedures. [Online] Available at: store.uni.com [Accessed 08 May 2017].
ISO 14040 (2006), Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and Framework. [Online] Available at: store.uni.com [Accessed 06 May 2017].
James, J., Pandian, P. K., Deepika, K., Venkatesh, J. M., Manikandan, V. and Manikumaran, P. (2016), “Cement Stabilized Soil Blocks Admixed with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash”, in Journal of Engineering, vol. 2016, Article ID 7940239, pp. 1-9.
Jia, J. and Crabtree, J. (2015), “You get what you ask”, in Jia, J. and Crabtree, J. (eds), Driven by Demand – How Energy gets its Power, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (MA), pp. 3-10.
Kamble, R. Ghag, M., Gaikawad, S. and Kumar Panda, B. (2012), “Halloysite Nanotubes and Applications: A Review”, in Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, vol. 3, issue 2, pp. 25-29.
Khobklang, P., Nokkaew, K. and Greepala, V. (2008), “Effect of bagasse ash on water absorption and compressive strength of lateritic soil interlocking block,” in Limbachiya, M. C. and Kew, H. Y. (eds), Proceedings of the International Conference on Excellence in Concrete Construction Through Innovation, Kingston University, London, 9-10 September 2008, CRC Press, London, pp. 181-185.
Koskela, L. (1992), Application of the new production philosophy to construction, CIFE Technical Report 72, Stanford University, California.
Krausmann, F., Gingrich, S., Eisenmenger, N., Erb, K.-H., Haberl, H. and Fischer-Kowalski, M. (2009), “Growth in global materials use, GDP and population during the 20th century”, in Ecological Economics, vol. 68, pp. 2696-2705.
Kulatunga, U., Amaratunga, D., Haigh, R. and Rameezdeen, R. (2006), “Attitudes and perceptions of construction workforce on construction waste in Sri Lanka”, in Management of Environmental Quality an International Journal, vol. 17, issue 1, pp. 57-72.
Langston, Y. L. and Langston, C. A. (2008), “Reliability of building embodied energy modelling: an analysis of 30 Melbourne case studies”, in Construction Management and Economics, vol. 26, pp. 147-160.
Lazzara, G., Cavallaro, G., Panchal, A., Fankhrullin, R., Stavitskaya, A., Vinokurov, V. and Lvov, Y. (2018), “An assembly of organic-inorganic composites using halloysite clay nanotubes”, in Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, n. 35, pp. 42-50.
Lima, S. A., Varum, H., Sales, A. and Neto, V. F. (2012), “Analysis of the mechanical properties of compressed earth block masonry using the sugarcane bagasse ash”, in Construction and Building Materials, vol. 35, pp. 829-837.
Lucarelli, M. T. (2018), “Nota”, in Techne | Materia è Progetto, vol. 16, pp. 7-8.
Lvov, Y and Elshad, A. (2013), “Functional polymer-clay nanotube composites with sustained release of chemical agents”, in Progress in Polymer Science, n. 38, pp. 1690-1719.
Lvov, Y. M., Shchukin, D. G., Mohwald, H. and Price, R. R. (2008), “Halloysite clay nanotubes for controlled release of protective agents”, in ACS Nano, vol. 2, issue 5, pp. 814-820.
Maskell, D., Heath, A. and Walker, P. (2016), “Appropriate structural unfired earth masonry units”, in Construction Materials, vol. 169, issue 5, pp. 261-270.
Maskell, D., Heath, A. and Walker, P. (2015), “Use of Metakaolin with stabilised extruded earth masonry units”, in Construction and Building Materials, vol. 78, pp. 172-180.
Maskell, D., Heath, A. and Walker, P. (2014), “Inorganic stabilisation methods for extruded earth masonry units”, in Construction Building Materials, vol. 71, pp. 602-609.
Maskell, D., Heath, A. and Walker, P. (2014a), “Comparing the environmental impact of stabilisers for unfired earth construction”, in Key Engineering Materials, vol. 600, pp. 132-143.
Miller, A. J. (2001), “Embodied energy a life cycle of transportation energy embodied in construction materials”, in Ruddock, L. Chynoweth, P., Egbu, C., Sutrisna, M. and Parsa, A. (eds), COBRA 2001 – Proceedings of the RICS Foundation Construction and Building Research Conference, 5 September 2001, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow (UK).
Millogo, Y., Hajjaji, M. and Ouedraogo, R. (2008), “Microstructure and Physical Properties of Lime-Clayey Adobe Bricks”, in Construction Building Materials, vol. 22, issue 12, pp. 2386-2392.
Millogo, Y. and Morel, J.-C. (2012), “Microstructural Characterization and Mechanical Properties of Cement Stabilised Adobes”, in Materials and Structures, vol. 45, issue 9, pp. 1311-1318.
Millogo, Y., Morel, J.-C., Aubert, J.-E. and Ghavami, K. (2014), “Experimental Analysis of Pressed Adobe Blocks Reinforced with Hibiscus Cannabinus Fibers”, in Construction and Building Materials, vol. 52, pp. 71-78.
Minke, G. (2000), Earth construction handbook – the building material earth in the modern architecture, WIT Press, Southampton (UK).
Minkov, N., Schneider, L., Lehmann, A. and Finkbeiner, M. (2015), “Type III Environmental Declaration Programmes and harmonization of product category rules: Status quo and practical challenges”, in Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 94, pp. 235-246.
Morel, J.-C., Pkla, A. and Walker, P. (2007), “Compressive strength testing of compressed earth blocks”, in Construction and Building Materials, vol. 21, issue 2, pp. 303-309.
Morton, T., Stevenson, F., Taylor, B. and Smith, N. C. (2005), Low cost earth brick construction – Monitoring and evaluation, Arc, UK.
Nasrollahzadeh, M., Sajadi, S. M., Sajjadi, M., Issaabadi, Z. and Atarod, M. (eds) (2019), An Introduction to Green Nanotechnology, Series Interface Science and Technology, vol. 28, Academic Press-Elsevier, London.
Onchiri, R., James, K., Sabuni, B. and Busieney, C. (2014), “Use of sugarcane bagasse ash as a partial replacement for cement in stabilization of self-interlocking earth blocks”, in International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, vol. 5, issue 10, pp. 124-130.
Oti, J. E., Kinuthia, J. M. and Bai, J. (2009), “Engineering properties of unfired clay masonry bricks”, in Engineering Geology, vol. 107, issue 3-4, pp. 130-139.
Pacheco-Torgal, F. (2014), “Introduction to the environmental impact of construction and building materials”, in Pacheco-Torgal, F., Cabeza, L. F., Labrincha, J. and de Magalhaes, A. (eds), Eco-efficient Construction and Building Materials. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Eco-Labelling and Case Studies, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, pp. 1-10.
Proietti, S., Sringola, P., Desideri, U., Zepparelli, F., Masciarelli, F. and Castellani, F. (2013), “Life Cycle Assessment of a Passive House in a Seismic Temperate Zone”, in Energy and Buildings, vol. 64, pp. 463-472.
Rael, R. (2008), Earth Architecture, Princeton Architectural Press, New York.
Salim, R. W., Ndambuki, J. M. and Adedokun, D. A. (2014), “Improving the bearing strength of sandy loam soil compressed earth block bricks using sugercane bagasse ash”, in Sustainability, vol. 6, issue 6, pp. 3686-3696.
Sartori, I. and Hestnes, A. G. (2007), “Energy use in the life cycle of conventional and low-energy buildings: a review article”, in Energy and Buildings, vol. 39, pp. 249-257.
Scalisi, F. (2010), Nanotecnologie in Edilizia – Innovazione tecnologica e nuovi materiali per le costruzioni, Maggioli, Santarcangelo di Romagna (RN).
Shukla, A., Tiwari, G. and Sodha, M. S. (2008), “Embodied energy analysis of adobe house”, in Renew Energy, vol. 34, pp. 755-61.
Singh, A. P. and Kumar, P. (2015), “Light weight cement-sand and bagasse ash bricks”, in International Journal of Innovative Research in Science and Technology, vol. 1, issue 12, pp. 284-287.
Sourani, A. and Sohail, M. (2011), “Barriers to addressing sustainable construction in public procurement strategies”, in Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Engineering Sustainability, vol. 164, issue 4, pp. 229-237.
Sposito, C. (2013), “Architettura in terra”, in Sposito, C. and Scalisi, F. (eds), Terracruda e Nanotecnologie – tradizione, innovazione, sostenibilità, Aracne Editrice, Roma, pp. 61-74.
Tingle, J. S., Newman, J. K., Larson, S. L., Weiss, C. A. and Rushing, J. F. (2007), “Stabilization mechanisms of nontraditional additives”, in Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board, vol. 1989-2, issue 1, pp. 59-67.
Treloar, G. J., Love, P. E. D. and Holt, G. D. (2001), “Using national input output data for embodied energy analysis of individual residential buildings”, in Construction Management Economics, vol. 19, issue 1, pp. 49-61.
UN environment (2018), Global Status Report 2018 – Towards a zero-emission, efficient, and resilient building and construction sector, Global Alliance for Building and Construction, International Energy Agency. [Online] Available at: wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/27140/Global_Status_2018.pdf? sequence =1&isAllowed=y [Accessed 12 May 2019].
UN environment (2017), Global Status Report 2017 – Towards a zero-emission, efficient, and resilient building and construction sector, Global Alliance for Building and Construction, International Energy Agency. [Online] Available at: www.worldgbc.org/sites/default/files/UNEP%20188_GABC_en%20%28web%29.pdf [Accessed 12 May 2019].
Van den Heede, P. and De Belie, N. (2012), “Environmental impact and life cycle assessment (LCA) of traditional and ‘green’ concretes: Literature review and theoretical calculations”, in Cement & Concrete Composites, vol. 34, pp. 431-442.
Verbeeck, G. and Hens, H. (2010), “Life cycle inventory of buildings: a contribution analysis”, in Building and Environment, vol. 45, pp. 964-967.
Villamizar, M. C. N., Araque, V. S., Reyes, C. A. R. and Silva, R. S. (2012), “Effect of the addition of coal-ash and cassava peels on the engineering properties of compressed earth blocks”, in Construction and Building Materials, vol. 36, pp. 276-286.
Walker, P. and Stace, T. (1997), “Properties of Some Cement Stabilised Compressed Earth Blocks and Mortars”, in Materials and Structures, vol. 30, pp. 545-551.
Yuan, P., Tan, D. and Annabi-Bergaya, F. (2015), “Properties and applications of halloysite nanotubes: recent research advances and future prospects”, in Applied Clay Science, vol. 112-113, pp. 75-93.
Zhang, Y., Tang, A., Yang, H. and Ouyang, J. (2016), “Applications and interfaces of halloysite nanocomposites”, in Applied Clay Science, vol. 82, issue 1, pp. 8-17.
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 20-04-2023 (2)
- 30-06-2019 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This Journal is published under Creative Commons Attribution Licence 4.0 (CC-BY).
License scheme | Legal code
This License allows anyone to:
Share: copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
Adapt: remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
Under the following terms
Attribution: Users must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made; users may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses them or their use.
No additional restrictions: Users may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices
Users do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give users all of the permissions necessary for their intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.