'Green' strategies and approaches. A contribution from the off-site and upcycling of discarded shipping containers

Authors

  • Francesca Scalisi DEMETRA Ce.Ri.Med. (Italy)
  • Cesare Sposito University of Palermo (Italy)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.19229/2464-9309/1092021

Keywords:

sustainability, design approaches, off-site, reuse, discarded sea containers

Abstract

The Earth is in a vulnerable state that most scholars attribute to a model of infinite growth on a planet with limited resources. Taking into account this critical environmental context, the paper wants to stimulate new practices for the building industry by suggesting a systemic vision that simultaneously uses multiple sustainable and circular approaches and allows eliminating scraps and waste, by combining traditional and innovative techniques and technologies. In particular, the article shows the potential of off-site in reducing environmental direct and indirect impacts compared to an equivalent conventional construction and recent research on the upcycling of discarded sea containers: they are used as a good practice to enhance an industrial end-of-life product (therefore considered a waste) by re-inserting it into a ‘circular’ economy with a different use than its original one, through non-destructive recycling and, at the same time, improving its value, quality and performance.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Metrics Graph

Author Biographies

Francesca Scalisi, DEMETRA Ce.Ri.Med. (Italy)

Architect and PhD, she is the Research Manager at the Research Department of DEMETRA Ce.Ri.Med. (Euro-Mediterranean Documentation and Research Center), Palermo, Italy. Her research areas concern the sustainability of the built environment for energy conservation of buildings, green materials, and nanotechnologies.
E-mail: demetracerimed.scalisi@gmail.com

Cesare Sposito, University of Palermo (Italy)

Architect and PhD, he is an Associate Professor of Building Technology at the Department of Architecture. His research mainly focuses on environmental sustainability, innovative materials for architecture, nanomaterials, energy saving in buildings, and the conservation process focusing on sheltering systems for archaeological sites.
E-mail: cesare.sposito@unipa.it

References

Akinade, O. O., Lukumon, O. O., Ajayi, S. O., Bilal, M., Alaka, H. A., Owolabi, H. A., Bello, S. A., Jaiyeobac, B. E. and Kadiric, K. O. (2017), “Design for Deconstruction (DfD) – Critical success factors for diverting end-of-life waste from landfills”, in Waste Management, n. 60, pp. 3-13. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.08.017 [Accessed 16 October 2021].

Apreda, C., D’Ambrosio, V. and Di Martino, F. (2019), “A climate vulnerability and impact assessment model for complex urban systems”, in Environmental Science & Policy, vol. 93, pp. 11-26. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.12.016 [Accessed 10 November 2021].

ARUP (2016), The Circular Economy in the Built Environment. [Online] Available at: arup.com/perspectives/publications/research/section/circular-economy-in-the-built-environment [Accessed 16 October 2021].

Baiani, S. and Altamura, P. (2021), “Reversible design in the reuse of the existing buildings – Experiments on public housing districts in Rome”, in Scalisi, F. (ed.), A new life for landscape, architecture and design, Palermo University Press, Palermo, pp. 136-157.

Baratta, A. F. L. (2021), “Dalle politiche per la circolarità delle risorse alla strategia zero rifiuti | From resource circularity policies to the zero-waste strategy”, in Agathón | International Journal of Architecture, Art and Design, vol. 9, pp. 32-41. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.19229/2464-9309/932021 [Accessed 10 November 2021].

Barnett, H. J. and Morse, C. (1963), Scarcity and Growth – The Economics of Natural Resource, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Bason, C., Conway, R., Hill, D. and Mazzucato, M. (2020), A new Bauhaus for a Green Deal. [Online] Available at: ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/public-purpose/sites/public-purpose/files/new_bauhaus_cb_rc_dh_mm_0.pdf [Accessed 20 October 2021].

Benyus, J. M. (1997), Biomimicry – Innovation Inspired by Nature, Harpercollins, New York.

Beyers, B. and Wackernagel, M. (2019), Ecological Footprint, managing our biocapacity budget – Global Footprint Network, New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island (Canada).

Botsman, R. and Rogers, R. (2010), What’s mine is yours, Harper Business, London.

Brand, S. (1994), How Buildings Learn – What Happens After They’re Built, Viking, New York.

Cabrera Vergara, M. (2016), “La cargotectura como herramienta de exploraciòn arquitecntònica colectiva”, in Revista de arquitectura, vol. 21, n. 31, pp. 47-54. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.5354/0719-5427.2016.42545 [Accessed 22 September 2021].

Capra, F. and Henderson, H. (2013), Crescita qualitativa – Per un’economia ecologicamente sostenibile e socialmente equa, Aboca Edizioni, Arezzo.

Carson, R. (1962), Silent Spring, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston.

Circle Economy (2021), The Circularity Gap Report 2021. [Online] Available at: circle-economy.com/resources/circularity-gap-report-2021 [Accessed 20 October 2021].

Costas, P. (2021), “Shipping Options Dry Up as Businesses Try to Rebuild from Pandemic”, in The Wall Street Journal, newspaper online, 12/09/2021. [Online] Available at: wsj.com/articles/shipping-options-dry-up-as-businesses-try-to-rebuild-from-pandemic-11631439002 [Accessed 12 September 2021].

Crawford, R. H., Mathur, D. and Gerritsen, R. (2017), “Barriers to improving the environmental performance of construction waste management in remote communities”, in Procedia Engineering, n. 196, pp. 830-837. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.08.014 [Accessed 16 October 2021].

Crutzen, P. J. and Stoemer, E. F. (2000), “The Anthropocene”, in IGBP Newsletter, n. 41, pp. 17-18. [Online] Available at: igbp.net/download/18.316f18321323470177580001401/1376383088452/NL41.pdf [Accessed 30 October 2021].

Cruz Rios, F., Chong, W. K. and Grau, D. (2015), “Design for Disassembly and Deconstruction – Challenges and Opportunities”, in Procedia Engineering, n. 118, pp. 1296-1304. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.485 [Accessed 16 September 2021].

De Giovanni, G. and Sposito, C. (2019) “Dettagli d’autore – Dal disegno manuale dei grandi Maestri a quello digitale delle Archistar | Master’s details – From hand-made drawing of the great masters to the digital drawing of Starchitects”, in Techne | Journal of Technology for Architecture and Environment, vol. 18, pp. 99-109. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.13128/techne-7516 [Accessed 15 October 2021].

Durmisevic, E. (2019), Circular economy in construction design strategies for reversible buildings, BAMB, Netherlands. [Online] Available at: bamb2020.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Reversible-Building-Design-Strateges.pdf [Accessed 18 October 2021].

Durmisevic, E. (2018), Reversible Building Design Guidelines and Protocol, BAMB, report code WP3ǀ10ǀUT. [Online] Available at: bamb2020.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Reversible-Building-Design-guidelines-and-protocol.pdf [Accessed 19 September 2021].

EEA – European Environment Agency (2021), Growth without economic growth – Narratives for Change. [Online] Available at: eea.europa.eu/downloads/beed0c89209641548564b046abcaf43e/1617707707/ growth-without-economic-growth.pdf [Accessed 20 October 2021].

EEA – European Environment Agency (2019), The European Environment – State and outlook 2020 – Knowledge for transition to a sustainable Europe. [Online] Available at: eea.europa.eu/publications/soer-2020 [Accessed 17 October 2021].

EEB – European Environmental Bureau (2020), A circular economy within ecological limits – Why we need to set targets to reduce EU resource consumption and waste generation in the new Circular Economy Action Plan. [Online] Available at: mk0eeborgicuypctuf7e.kinstacdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/A-circular-economy-within-ecological-limits.pdf [Accessed 26 October 2021].

Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2015a), Delivering the Circular Economy – A Toolkit for Policymakers. [Online] Available at: ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/publications/ EllenMacArthurFoundation_PolicymakerToolkit.pdf [Accessed 18 October 2021].

Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2015b), Growth Within – A Circular Economy Vision for a Competitive Europe. [Online] Available at: ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/publications/EllenMac ArthurFoundation_Growth-Within_July15.pdf [Accessed 16 October 2021].

Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2010), Towards the Circular Economy – Economic and business rationale for an accelerated transition. [Online] Available at: werktrends.nl/app/uploads/2015/06/Rapport_McKinsey-Towards_A_Circular_Economy.pdf [Accessed 13 September 2021].

Elmokadem, A., Abo Eleinen, O. M., Aly, R. H. and Ezz-Eldien, D. A. (2019), “Shipping Container as flexible components for sutainable buildings in coastal zone – Egypt”, in IJIRSET | International Journal of Innovative Research in Science Engineering and Technology, vol. 8, issue 6, pp. 6814-6822. [Online] Available at: ijirset.com/upload/2019/june/47_SHIPPING_NEW.pdf [Accessed 22 September 2021].

Elrayies, G. M. (2017), “Thermal performance assessment of shipping container architecture in hot and humid climates”, in International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering Information Technology, vol. 7, n. 4, pp. 1114-1126. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.7.4.2235 [Accessed 22 September 2021].

European Environmental Bureau and Eunomia (2019), Recycling – Who really leads the world? Identifying the world’s best municipal waste recyclers, issue 2. [Online] Available at: mk0eeborgicuypctuf7e.kinstacdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Recycling_who-really-leads-the-world-REPORT.pdf [Accessed 22 September 2021].

European Commission (2021), New European Bauhaus – Shaping more beautiful, sustainable and inclusive forms of living together. [Online] Available at: europa.eu/new-european-bauhaus/index_en [Accessed 18 October 2021].

European Commission (2020a), Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – A Renovation Wave for Europe – Greening our buildings, creating jobs, improving lives, document 52020DC0662, 662 final. [Online] Available at: eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1603122220757&uri=CELEX:52020DC0662 [Accessed 13 October 2021].

European Commission (2020b), Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – A new EU Circular Economy Action Plan for a cleaner and more competitive Europe, document 52020DC0098, 98 final. [Online] Available at: eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1583933814386&uri=COM:2020:98:FIN [Accessed 10 November 2021].

European Commission (2019), Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – The European Green Deal, document 52019DC0640, 640 final. [Online] Available at: eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2019%3A640%3AFIN [Accessed 10 November 2021].

European Commission (2018), Guidelines for the waste audits before demolition and renovation works of buildings – EU Construction and Demolition Waste Management. [Online] Available at: ec.europa.eu/growth/content/eu-construction-and-demolition-waste-protocol-0_en [Accessed 18 October 2021].

European Commission (2016), EU Construction & Demolition Waste Management Protocol. [Online] Available at: eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52018DC0773 [Accessed 16 October 2021].

European Commission (2015), Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – Closing the loop – An EU action plan for the Circular Economy, document 52015DC0614, 614 final. [Online] Available at: eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52015DC0614 [Accessed 16 October 2021].

European Commission (2009), Directive 2009/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community, document 32009L0029, L 140/63. [Online] Available at: eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32009L0029 [Accessed 10 November 2021].

European Commission (2008), Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives (Text with EEA relevance), document 32008L0098. [Online] Available at: eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2008/98/oj [Accessed 16 October 2021].

European Commission (2003), Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament – Integrated Product Policy – Building on Environmental Life-Cycle Thinking, document 52003DC0302, 302 final. [Online] Available at: eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52003DC0302 [Accessed 16 October 2021].

European Commission (2001), Green paper on integrated product policy, document 52001DC0068, 68 final. [Online] Available at: eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A52001DC0068 [Accessed 16 October 2021].

European Parliament and the Council of European Union (2013), Decision No 1386/2013/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 November 2013 on a General Union Environment Action Programme to 2020 ‘Living well, within the limits of our planet’ – Text with EEA relevance, document 32013D1386, L 354/171. [Online] Available at: eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2013/1386/oj [Accessed 16 October 2021].

Foster, J. B., Holleman, H. and Clark, C. (2019), “Imperialism in the Anthropocene”, in Monthly Review, vol. 71, issue 3, pp. 70-88. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.14452/MR-071-03-2019-07_5 [Accessed 12 October 2021].

Friedman, T. L. (2016), Thank You for Being Late – An Optimist’s Guide to Thriving in the Age of Accelerations, Picador, New York.

Frosch, R. A. and Gallopoulos, N. E. (1989), “Strategies for manufacturing”, in Scientific American, vol. 261, n. 3, pp. 144-153. [Online] Available at: jstor.org/stable/24987406 [Accessed 15 October 2021].

Ghosh, A. (2017), La grande cecità – Il cambiamento climatico e l’impensabile, Neri Pozza, Vicenza.

Giorgi, S., Lavagna, M. and Ginelli, E. (2021), “Valutazione LCA di un edificio realizzato con container per trasporti marittimi riusati | Life Cycle Assessment of a building built with reused shipping containers”, in Ingegneria dell’Ambiente, vol. 8, n. 2, pp. 124-136. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.32024/ida.v8i2.346 [Accessed 15 October 2021].

Gruppo di Lavoro Economia Circolare di GBC Italia (2020), Linee Guida per la progettazione circolare di edifici. [Online] Available at: gbcitalia.org/documents/20182/565254/GBC+Italia_Linee+Guida+ Economia+Circolare.pdf [Accessed 10 October 2021].

Habraken, N. J. (1972), Supports – An alternative to mass housing, Architectural Press, London.

Hickel, J. (2019), “Degrowth – A theory of radical abundance”, in Real-World Economics Review, issue 87, pp. 54-68. [Online] Available at: paecon.net/PAEReview/issue87/whole87.pdf#page=54 [Accessed 20 October 2021].

Hoffmann, N., Stahlbock, R. and VoB, S. (2020), “A decision model on the repair and maintenance of shipping containers”, in Journal of Shipping and trade, vol. 5, issue 22, pp. 1-21. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1186/s41072-020-00070-2 [Accessed 22 September 2021].

Hosney Radwan, A. (2015), “Containers Architecture – Reusing shipping containers in making creative architectural spaces”, in International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, vol. 6, issue 11, pp. 1562-1577. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2015.11.012 [Accessed 22 September 2021].

HWCF – Homelessness World Cup Foundation (2019), Global Homelessness Statistics. [Online] Available at: homelessworldcup.org/homelessness-statistics [Accessed 26 October 2021].

IEA – International Energy Agency (2021), 2020 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction – Towards a zero-emission, efficient and resilient buildings and construction sector. [Online] Available at: wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/34572/GSR_ES.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y [Accessed 08 October 2021].

IEA – International Energy Agency (2020), Energy Technology Perspectives 2020. [Online] Available at: iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/7f8aed40-89af-4348-be19-c8a67df0b9ea/Energy_Technology_Perspectives_2020_PDF.pdf [Accessed 11 November 2021].

IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2018), Global warming of 1.5 oC – An IPCC Special Report. [Online] Available at: ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_ Report_Low_Res.pdf [Accessed 25 March 2021].

Jiménez-Rivero, A. and García-Navarro, J. (2017), “Best practices for the management of end-of-life gypsum in a circular economy”, in Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 167, pp. 1335-1344. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.068 [Accessed 15 October 2021].

Kahneman, D. (2007), Economia della felicità, Il Sole 24 Ore, Milano.

Latouche, S. (2015), Breve trattato sulla decrescita serena e come sopravvivere allo sviluppo, Bollati Boringhieri, Milano.

Losasso, M. and Verde, S. (2020), “Strategie progettuali di adattamento urbano ed edilizio in scenari di multirischio ambientale | Design strategies for urban and building adaptation in environmental multi-risk scenarios”, in Agathón | International Journal of Architecture, Art and Design, vol. 8, pp. 64-73. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.19229/2464-9309/862020 [Accessed 10 November 2021].

Macchi, G. (2017), “System separation – A fitting strategy for future development”, in Architectural Design, vol. 87, issue 5, pp. 76-83. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1002/ad.2219 [Accessed 23 September 2021].

McDonough, W. and Braungart, M. (2013), The Upcycle – Beyond Sustainability – Designing for Abundance, North Point Press, USA.

McDonough, W. and Braungart, M. (2002), Cradle to Cradle – Remaking the Way We Make Things, North Point Press, USA.

McDonough, W. and Braungart, M. (1998), “The next Industrial Revolution”, in The Atlantic Monthly, October 1998 issue. [Online] Available at: theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1998/10/the-next-industrial-revolution/304695/ [Accessed 15 October 2021].

Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L. and Randers, J. (2004), I nuovi limiti dello sviluppo – La salute del pianeta nel terzo millennio, Oscar Mondadori, Milano.

Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L., Randers, J. and Behrens III, W. W. (1972), The limits to Growth, Universe Books, New York.

Morin, E. (2020), “Per l’uomo è tempo di ritrovare sé stesso”, interview by Scialoja A., in Avvenire.it, 15/04/2020. [Online] Available at: avvenire.it/agora/pagine/per-luomo-tempo-di-ritrovare-se-stesso [Accessed 10 November 2021].

Mussinelli, E. G. and Tartaglia, A. (2016), “Environmental Quality – Design Strategies and Tools for Anticipation”, in Fanzini, D. (ed.), Project Anticipation – When design shapes futures in architecture and urban design, Maggioli, Santarcangelo di Romagna, pp. 59-69.

Nagalli, A. (2021), “Estimation of construction waste generation using machine learning”, in Waste and Resource Management, vol. 174, issue 1, pp. 22-31. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1680/jwarm.20.00019 [Accessed 17 October 2021].

NCE – New Climate Economy (2018), Unlocking the inclusive growth story of the 21st century – Accelerating climate action in urgent times. [Online] Available at: newclimateeconomy.report/2018/ [Accessed 28 October 2021].

NHBC Foundation (2016), Modern methods of construction – Views from the industry – Primary research. [Online] Available at: buildoffsite.com/content/uploads/2016/07/NF70-MMC-WEB.pdf [Accessed 28 October 2021].

Ness, D. (2021), “Dalla nuova edilizia alla rigenerazione – Può il Nuovo Bauhaus ridefinire l’architettura e dare risposte ai cambiamenti globali? | The shift from new build to regeneration – Can the New Bauhaus transform architecture and design to meet global challenges?”, in Agathón | International Journal of Architecture, Art and Design, vol. 9, pp. 22-31. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.19229/2464-9309/922021 [Accessed 16 November 2021].

OECD – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2018), Global Material Resources Outlook to 2060 – Economic Drivers and Environmental Consequences, OECD Publishing, Paris. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1787/9789264307452-en [Accessed 12 October 2021].

OECD – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2016), Green Cities Programme Methodology, ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, EBRD Publishing, London-Paris. [Online] Available at: ebrd.com/documents/technical-cooporation/green-city-action-plan-in-tirana.pdf [Accessed 12 October 2021].

Oliveira, S., Burch, J., Hutchison, K., Adekola, O., Jaradat, S. and Jones, M. (2018), Making modular stack up – Modern methods of construction in social housing – Report, Centre for Architecture and Built Environment Research, Department of Architecture and the Built Environment, University of the West of England. [Online] Available at: core.ac.uk/download/pdf/195265013.pdf [Accessed 03 December 2021].

Ossewaarde, M. and Ossewaarde-Lowtoo, R. (2020), “The EU’s Green Deal – A third alternative to Green Growth and Degrowth?”, in Sustainability, vol. 12, issue 23, article 9825, pp. 1-15. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.3390/su12239825 [Accessed 20 October 2021].

Oxfam (2015), Extreme carbon inequality – Why the Paris climate deal must put the poorest, lowest emitting and most vulnerable people first, 02/12/2015. [Online] Available at: www-cdn.oxfam.org/s3fs-public/file_attachments/mb-extreme-carbon-inequality-021215-en.pdf [Accessed 20 March 2021].

Papanek, V. (1971), Design for the Real World, Thames and Hudson, London.

Pauli, G. (2009), Blue Economy, Edizioni Ambiente, Milano.

Pietzsch, N., Ribeiro, J. L. D. and Medeiros, J. F. (2017), “Benefits, challenges and critical factors of success for ZW – A systematic literature review”, in Waste Management, vol. 67, pp. 324-353. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.004 [Accessed 11 October 2021].

Raworth, K. (2017), Doughnut Economics – Seven ways to think like a 21st-century economist, Random House, London.

Rice, P. (1994), An Engineer Imagines, Artemis, London.

Rics (2020), Modern Methods of Construction – A forward-thinking solution to the housing crisis?, September 2018. [Online] Available at: rics.org/globalassets/rics-website/media/news/news--opinion/modern-methods-of-construction-paper-rics.pdf [Accessed 12 October 2021].

Rogers, D. and Power, E. (2020), “House policy and the Covid-19 pandemic – The importance of housing research during the health emergency”, in International Journal of Housing Policy, vol. 20, issue 2, pp. 177-183. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1080/19491247.2020.1756599 [Accessed 17 October 2021].

Sandanayake, M., Luo, W. and Zhang, Z. (2019), “Direct and indirect impact assessment in off-site construction – A case study in China”, in Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 48, 101520, pp.1-14. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101520 [Accessed 10 November 2021].

Santolini, F. (2021), “Ambiente, il prezzo da pagare – Il surriscaldamento farà perdere il 4% del Pil all’anno all’Italia – Il Paese al sesto posto per numero di vittime causate da eventi climatici estremi”, in La Stampa, newspaper online, 31/10/2021. [Online] Available at: lastampa.it/politica/2021/10/31/news/ambiente_il_prezzo_ da_pagare_il_surriscaldamento_fara_perdere_il_4_del_pil_ all_anno_all_italia-353166/ [Accessed 17 October 2021].

Scalisi, F. (2020), “Adaptive facade and Phase Change Materials (PCMs) – A sustainable approach for building construction”, in Scalisi, F. (ed.), From Mega to Nano | The Complexity of a Multiscalar Project, Palermo University Press, Palermo, pp. 44-69. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.19229/978-88-5509-189-3/432020 [Accessed 17 October 2021].

Smith, R. E. and Quale, J. D. (2017), Offsite Architecture – Constructing the future, Routledge Taylor&Francis Group, London-New York.

Sposito, C. and Scalisi, F. (2020) “Ambiente costruito e sostenibilità – Materiali riciclati e Design for Disassembly tra ricerca e buone pratiche | Built environment and sustainability – Recycled materials and Design for Disassembly between research and good practices”, in Agathón | International Journal of Architecture, Art and Design, vol. 8, pp. 106-117. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.19229/2464-9309/8102020 [Accessed 17 October 2021].

Stahel, W. R. (1976), The Potential for Substituting Manpower for Energy, Battelle Memorial Institute, Geneva.

Statista (2021), “Recycling rate of municipal waste in the European Union (EU-28) in 2019, by country”, in statista.com, n.d. [Online] Available at: statista.com/statistics/1219551/municipal-waste-recycling-eu-by-country/ [Accessed 16 September 2021].

Świąder, M., Lin, D., Szymon, S., L Kazak, J. K., Iha, K., van Hoof, J., Belčáková, I. and Altiok, S. (2020), “The application of ecological footprint and biocapacity for environmental carrying capacity assessment – A new approach for European cities”, in Environmental Science and Policy, vol. 105, pp. 56-74. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.12.010 [Accessed 10 June 2021].

TRL and WRAP (2010), Designing out Waste – A design team guide for civil engineering. [Online] Available at: modular.org/marketing/documents/DesigningoutWaste.pdf [Accessed 09 October 2021].

UN – General Assembly (2015), Transforming our world – The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, document A/RES/70/1. [Online] Available at: un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E [Accessed 10 November 2021].

UN – United Nations (2019), World Population Prospects 2019 – Highlights. [Online] Available at: population.un.org/wpp/Publications/Files/WPP2019_Highlights.pdf [Accessed 23 September 2021].

UN – United Nations (2012), The Future We Want – Outcome document of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 20-22 June 2012. [Online] Available at: sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/733FutureWeWant.pdf [Accessed 23 September 2021].

UN – United Nations (1992), Agenda 21. [Online] Available at: sdgs.un.org/sites/default/files/publications/Agenda21.pdf [Accessed 23 September 2021].

UNEP – United Nations Environment Program (2020), Emissions Gap Report 2020. [Online] Available at: unep.org/emissions-gap-report-2020 [Accessed 20 October 2021].

Vijayalaxmi, J. (2010), “Towards sustainable architecture – A case with Greentainer”, in Local Environment, vol. 15, issue 3, pp. 245-259. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1080/13549830903575596 [Accessed 22 September 2021].

Wang, X., Li, Z. and Tam, V. W. Y. (2015), “Identifying best design strategies for construction waste minimization”, in Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 92, pp. 237-247. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.076 [Accessed 16 October 2021].

WBDG Sustainable Committee (2021), “Optimize Building Space and Material Use”, in wbdg.org, 08/09/2021. [Online] Available at: wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use [Accessed 03 December 2021].

WCED – World Commission for Environment and Development (1987), Our Common Future World, Rapporto Brundtland. [Online] Available at: are.admin.ch/are/en/home/media/publications/sustainable-development/brundtland-report.html [Accessed 14 October 2021].

WEF – World Economic Forum (2021), “This is how climate change could impact the global economy”, in weforum.org, 28/06/2021. [Online] Available at: weforum.org/agenda/2021/06/impact-climate-change-global-gdp/ [Accessed 25 September 2021].

WMO – World Meteorological Organization (2021), “Weather-related disasters increase over past 50 years, causing more damage but fewer deaths”, in public.wmo.int, 31/08/2021. [Online] Available at: public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/weather-related-disasters-increase-over-past-50-years-causing-more-damage-fewer [Accessed 13 September 2021].

Worrell, E. and Reuter, M. A. (eds), Handbook of Recycling – State-of-the-Art for Practitioners, Analysts, and Scientists, Elsevier. [Online] Available at: doi.org/10.1016/C2011-0-07046-1 [Accessed 15 October 2021].

WRI – World Resources Institute (n.d.), Zero Carbon Buildings for All. [Online] Available at: wrirosscities.org/ZeroCarbonBuildings [Accessed 28 September 2021].

Looking upward at the Yick Cheong Building in Hong Kong (credit: B. Lieu Song, 2019); A typical subdivided flat in Hong Kong (credit: Tyrone Siu/Reuters, 2019). AGATHÓN 10 | 2021

Downloads

Published

31-12-2021

How to Cite

Scalisi, F. and Sposito, C. (2021) “’Green’ strategies and approaches. A contribution from the off-site and upcycling of discarded shipping containers”, AGATHÓN | International Journal of Architecture, Art and Design, 10(online), pp. 92–119. doi: 10.19229/2464-9309/1092021.

Issue

Section

Architecture | Research & Experimentation

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 > >>